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Minggu, 21 Juni 2015

E-learning
What is E-learning?
E-learning is a learning technology is relatively new in Indonesia. To simplify the term, the electronic learning is shortened to e-learning. This word consists of two parts, ie 'e' is an abbreviation of 'electronica' and 'learning' which means 'learning'. So e-learning means learning by using electronic devices aid services. So, in the implementation of e-learning use of audio, video or computer device or a combination of all three.
There are three things of positive impact in the educational use of the Internet are:
a) Learners can easily take courses anywhere in the world without borders or boundaries of institutions.
b) Learners can easily sit on the experts in the field of interest.
c) Lectures / study can easily be taken in various parts of the world without relying on the university / school where the students learn. In addition, the current library also presents a more dynamic Internet and can be used in the entire universe.
The Advantages of eLearning training includes:
More Flexible – eLearning can be done in short chunks of time that can fit around your daily schedule.
Mobile – As eLearning can be done on laptops, tablets and phones – it is a very mobile method.
No Travel– As just mentioned, eLearning can be done wherever you have a device capable of doing so.
Lower cost – As you aren’t using a trainer’s time or any room or equipment, eLearning tends to be the much cheaper option.
The Disadvantages of eLearning Training includes:
Lack of Control– Learners with low motivation tend to fall behind when using eLearning as there are no set times to be doing it and they are responsible for the organisation themselves.
Learning Approach – It doesn’t appeal to all learning styles so some learners will not enjoy the experience – especially strong activists and pragmatists.
Isolated – A lot of questions are a lot easily answered when face to face with someone when you can guarantee an instant answer.
Technology Issues – With heavy reliance on computers that eLearning brings, comes the potential risks that comes with it.


There are some examples of e-learning websites: Kidopo, Wepaper, Edmodo, etc.

Rabu, 17 Juni 2015

I made a quiz for reading class on QuizStar.
Here the link: http://quizstar.4teachers.org/servlet/quizrepositoryservlet





The blended classroom is designed to meet the individual needs of student by allowing teachers to personalize instruction.  This strategy can be used for any subject and any grade level.



Blended Learning has some pros and cons.
Pros:
·         Provides for individualized support for the students
·         students can access material at anytime, anywhere, to review the material
·         provides richer, more interactive learning experiences
·         provides more time for collaboration with the students and teachers
·         parents have access to what students are doing - better communication and support
·         studies show it increases student and teacher productivity, improves teaching and learning, and provides more and better data, and helps customize learning.
·         more and more colleges and even workplaces are using this model
·         gives students more time to learn - extends the learning beyond the end of the school day


Cons:
·         Teachers will need time to create and/or select content.
·         Teachers will need training on using this method of instruction to make it effective
·         students will need to be shown how to access, use the technology and what is expected of them
·         Students need to be able to do work outside of school hours
·         do they have access to technology at home?
·         do they have access to internet at home?
·         do they have other things that take up their time (job, etc.)
·         students need to be self-directed to work at home

The majority of blended-learning programs resemble one of four models: Rotation, Flex, A La Carte, and Enriched Virtual. The Rotation model includes four sub-models: Station Rotation, Lab Rotation, Flipped Classroom, and Individual Rotation.
1.      Rotation model — a course or subject in which students rotate on a fixed schedule or at the teacher’s discretion between learning modalities, at least one of which is online learning.
2.      Flex model — a course or subject in which online learning is the backbone of student learning, even if it directs students to offline activities at times. Students move on an individually customized, fluid schedule among learning modalities. The teacher of record is on-site, and students learn mostly on the brick-and-mortar campus, except for any homework assignments. The teacher of record or other adults provide face-to-face support on a flexible and adaptive as-needed basis through activities such as small-group instruction, group projects, and individual tutoring.
3.      A La Carte model — a course that a student takes entirely online to accompany other experiences that the student is having at a brick-and-mortar school or learning center. The teacher of record for the A La Carte course is the online teacher. Students may take the A La Carte course either on the brick-and-mortar campus or o-site. This differs from full-time online learning because it is not a whole-school experience. Students take some courses A La Carte and others face-to-face at a brick-and-mortar campus.
4.      Enriched Virtual model — a course or subject in which students have required face-to-face learning sessions with their teacher of record and then are free to complete their remaining coursework remote from the face-to-face teacher. Online learning is the backbone of student learning when the students are located remotely. The same person generally serves as both the online and face-to-face teacher. Many Enriched Virtual programs began as full-time online schools and then developed blended programs to provide students with brick-and-mortar school experiences.

There are 6 Blended Learning Techniques Infographic




Selasa, 31 Maret 2015

Here is my score of the online quiz taken on Tuesday, 31 of March 2015.

Computer Assisted Language Learning and Teaching
What is CALL? Definitions of CALL:
·         Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) was the expression agreed upon at the 1983 TESOL convention in a meeting of all interested participants. This term is widely used to refer to the area of technology and second language teaching and learning despite the fact that revisions for the term are suggested regularly (Chapelle, 2001, p. 3).
·          Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) may be defined as the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning (Levy, 1997, p.1).
·         Given the breadth of what may go on in computer-assisted language learning (CALL), a definition of CALL that accommodates its changing nature is any process in which a learner uses a computer and, as a result, improves his or her language (Beatty, 2003, p. 7).
·         CALL has come to encompass issues of materials design, technologies, pedagogical theories and modes of instruction. Materials for CALL can include those which are purpose-made for language learning and those which adapt existing computer-based materials, video and other materials (Beatty, 2003, pp. 7-8).
What Computers Can and Can’t “Do” (based on Meskill, 2002, p. 122)
Computers CAN
Computer CAN’T
Judge predetermined right-or-wrong answers, e.g., multiple choice and fill-in-the-blanks
Judge unexpected input
Provide immediate, yet fixed, feedback, suggestions, and encouragement
Provide individualized feedback beyond a predetermined list of messages 
Provide authentic information throughmultimedia - texts, images, sounds,videos, and animations
Engage learner in rich negotiation of meaning characteristic of face-to-face interaction
Motivate task persistence
•Record learner’s writing, speech, and learning progress
Motivate depth and quality of engagement characteristic of human interaction

WHY WOULD WE NEED TO USE CALL IN OUR EFL CLASSROOMS?
As technology becomes increasingly ubiquitous, it is expected from the teachers to integrate it into the language classes.

This means not only bringing technology into the classroom, but offering learners technology–enhanced options outside the class time.
HOW IS IT CONNECTED TO CONSTRUCTIVISM?
The design of CALL materials generally takes into consideration principles of language pedagogy and methodology, which may be derived from different second language learning theories (e.g. behaviourist, cognitive, constructivist). Constructivist-based instruction often includes providing the learner with skills or support (e.g. modelling, coaching, scaffolding) and encouraging the learner to actively construct his or her own personal learning experience. The teacher’s role is to aid the learner in this construction rather than simply providing that information to her or him (Bowers et al., 2010).
HOW TO START USING CONSTRUCTIVIST CALL IN OUR CLASSROOMS?
Blended learning is learning that combines face-to-face (f2f) teaching with online elements (Hockly 2011). The amount of f2f instruction versus online instruction can vary widely, and will depend on factors which include one’s teaching context, the needs and expectations of the learners, the resources that are available and the content and design of the course. In the case of most of us, young teachers, we are only starting experimenting with blended learning. The best way is to start small, preferably with one class and offering as little as 10 percent of the work online – possibly simply as an extra task. Once we and our learners gain confidence with the tools and online work, we can build more online components into the course. According to a teacher trainer Hockly (2011), we should start from looking at the syllabus of the course we are going to teach – we need to be aware of which elements to offer online and which to offer in the f2f classroom.

COMPUTER-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING
HISTORY OF CALL DEVELOPMENT
This section gives a brief history of CALL development. The review aims at showing, chronologically, the development of CALL over the last 30 years by linking to important technological developments, theories of learning and language teaching approaches. Some key examples of CALL programs and projects developed in this period are also shown.
Warschauer (1996) divides CALL into phases of development as follows: Behavioristic CALL, Communicative CALL, Integrative CALL (Multimedia CD-ROM), and Integrative CALL (Internet). The beginning of a new phase does not necessary mean the end of programs and methods of the previous phase, rather the old is included within the new (Warschauer, 1996).

Advantages of CALL
Learner’s Factors
    • CALL can adapt to the learners' abilities and preferences.
    • CALL can adapt to the learners’ cognitive and learning styles.
    • CALL can adapt to the learner’s self-paced learning. CALL can be used for remedial work for slow learners and to accelerate learning for fast learners.
    • CALL offers individualized and private learning.
    • CALL, with branching capability, provides choices and paths for learning, allowing learners to work independently.
    • CALL allows learners to control their own learning process and progress.
Motivation and Attitudes
    • CALL provides strong motivation for learning. Students will often do on a computer what they are reluctant to do in a textbook or paper-pencil.
    • Some CALL features such as graphics, sounds, animation, video, audio are interesting and motivating for many learners.
    • CALL can improve learners’ attitudes towards learning English.
    • CALL (internet) provides authentic communication that motivates students to use language outside language classroom.
Feedback and Progress Record
    • CALL can provide immediate responsiveness and feedback.
    • CALL provides accurate records of the learner’s performance and progress.
Teacher’s Roles and the Relationship with the Learner
    • CALL can change the relationship between teacher and student.
    • The teacher becomes a facilitator rather than a person who controls the learning environment.
    • CALL is predictable and non-judgemental.
Mastery Learning
    • CALL provides opportunities for mastery-learning language skills.
    • CALL can lower the amount of time required to master some materials.

A brief history of CALL
CALL's origins can be traced back to the 1960s. Up until the late 1970s CALL projects were confined mainly to universities, where computer programs were developed on large mainframe computers. The PLATO project, initiated at the University of Illinois in 1960, is an important landmark in the early development of CALL (Marty 1981). In the late 1970s, the arrival of the personal computer (PC) brought computing within the range of a wider audience, resulting in a boom in the development of CALL programs and a flurry of publications. Early CALL favoured an approach that drew heavily on practices associated with programmed instruction. This was reflected in the term Computer Assisted Language Instruction (CALI), which originated in the USA and was in common use until the early 1980s, when CALL became the dominant term. There was initially a lack of imagination and skill on the part of programmers, a situation that was rectified to a considerable extent by the publication of an influential seminal work by Higgins & Johns (1984), which contained numerous examples of alternative approaches to CALL. Throughout the 1980s CALL widened its scope, embracing the communicative approach and a range of new technologies. CALL has now established itself as an important area of research in higher education: see the joint 





The first material is about the definition of ICT tools. Educational ICT tools can be divided into 3 categories: Input source, Output source and Others.


3 main advantages of ICT tools for education
  1. Through ICT, images can easily be used in teaching and improving the retentive memory of students.
  2. Through ICT, teachers can easily explain complex instructions and ensure students' comprehension.
  3.  Through ICT, teachers are able to create interactive classes and make the lessons more enjoyable, which could improve student attendance and concentration.
3 main disadvantages of ICT tools for education
  1. Setting up the devices can be very troublesome.
  2. 2Too expensive to afford.
  3. 3Hard for teachers to use with a lack of experience using ICT tools.
(http://www.elmoglobal.com/en/html/ict/01.aspx)

 

Use of specific ICT tools in education

There are some general spesific ICT tools used in education.
General
  1. The Internet is not widely available in most LDCs; radio and TV are Broadcast technologies.
  2. Radio and TV can have high start-up costs, and reinforce existing pedagogical styles.
  3. Radio instruction has been used widely and is reasonably well studied.
  4. TV has been used with success in a few places
  5. In some cases, where markets have been liberalized, ICTs are used to distribute educational content regionally within a country.
  6. CAI is not highly regarded by experts and in OECD countries, but still receives much interest in LDCs.
  7. It is unclear where to place computers to make sure they are used most efficiently.
  8. Multi-channel learning is a useful concept.
  9. Satellite is much hyped, but under-studied.
  10. New Internet technologies hold promise, but are not yet operational.
  11. Mobile Internet centres (vans, etc.) are being deployed as a way to reach rural areas.
  12. Community telecentres are a hot topic, but successful, replicable models have not yet emerged.
  13. The use of handheld devices is just now receiving serious widespread attention.
  14. ‘Free software’ holds promise, but costs and impact are still not well documented.
(http://www.infodev.org/articles/use-specific-ict-tools-education)

10 free online tools for teaching and learning

There are 10 free online tools which can be used for teaching and learning. They are Wallwisher, Prezi, Study Blue, Animoto, Wordle, Storybird, Popplet, Google Docs, Dipity, and Storify.
(http://www.pcpro.co.uk/features/372979/10-free-online-tools-for-teaching-and-learning/page/0/4)


The Role of ICT is multi faceted
In the twelfth plan, The Planning Commission has stressed that ICT tools must be used for significantly improving the educational services and for streamlining the admission process. Says Dr Veera Gupta. Secretary, Central Board of Secondary Education, “ICT is integral to the teaching learning process. Inan age where massive expansion of education is required, we cannot do without the use of technology. ICT is vital for dissemination of knowledge, for evaluation and for keeping data and records. The role of ICT is multi faceted and it has to be exploited to the maximum potential.” The draft of 12th five year plan document states, “Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) should be harnessed to enrich teaching-learning experience, to extend and diversify delivery, improve research quality and collaboration by making knowledge and information widely available, and ensure effective governance both at the institutional and systemic level.”

(http://ictpost.com/role-of-ict-is-multi-faceted-in-education/)



ICT in English
To implement ICT successfully in their classrooms teachers also need to: 
1. Identify how ICT can be used to meet specific objectives within the English curriculum to improve pupils attainment (Moseley et al,1999)
2. Understand that successful use of ICT depends on other factors such as pupils’ work in the classroom away from the computer, discussions between pupils and between pupils and their teacher, and the ways in which pupils interact with each other at the computer (Mc Cormick and Scrimshaw, 2001 cited in Becta, 2005)
Because of its interactive and dynamic nature, ICT has the potential to meet the needs of individual students by providing opportunities to direct their learning and to pursue information, or complete tasks, in ways which meet their own interests and needs. (Computer based technologies in English KLA, 1997, p6)
The use of ICT in the English classroom extends beyond its motivational value to address key outcomes of the syllabus, and allow students to become competent users as well as consumers in English. Research suggests that incorporating ICT into the English curriculum can:
1.      Improve writing and reading skills
2.      Develop speaking and listening skills
3.      Support collaboration, creativity, independent learning and reflection (Becta,2003a, Becta,2003b, VTC,2003) (cited in Becta 2005)

As an interactive and collaborative medium, ICT allows responding, composing, and publication to be easily shared and offers students the opportunity to explore the language of texts more creatively and develop as speakers, writers and readers for an ever widening range of purposes and audiences. There can be no doubt as to the importance of ICT to English. However its integration into the curriculum raises serious questions concerning access and equity and the following issues must be addressed:
1.      Access to ICT within and among schools
2.      Access to ICT in students’ own homes
3.      Access to effective models of ICT teaching and learning
4.      Skilling teachers in ICT




Senin, 16 Maret 2015

The MIS concentration prepares students to excel professionally and contribute meaningfully to the knowledge/information economy of the 21st century. It is the one business concentration that combines business and technology–exactly what Silicon Valley is all about. That's why our graduates regularly score the highest starting salaries of all of the business concentrations and get jobs at great places like Google, Cisco, HP, Apple and eBay.
Computer technology and Internet are inevitable new media in education methodology. Still, the central role in teaching belongs to humans. The power of Internet lies in offering authentic materials, software, education plans, list of exams, literature, etc. to schools, universities, and institutions all over the world but under the same conditions.
Some of the advantages that are usually given as a vote for using Internet are:
·         24 hour access to materials;
·         all data can be easily changed, edited or added;
·         data can be exchanged and compared among different users;
·         learning is with more enthusiasm that leads to faster memorizing of new materials;
·         communication can be led outside the space and time that involves school as a central learning place;
·         exercises and drills are adjusted to different levels of knowledge;
·         developing of new technology usage skills;
·         developing skills for individual research and team work;
·         acquisition of social awareness;
Of course, there are at the same time disadvantages that we should be aware of and that we should keep in mind when preparing the Internet materials for the classroom usage:
·         lack of a person in charge of the information we find on the Internet;
·         easy access to unsuitable content;
·         surfing the web during and after the class time for the materials not connected with the learning process;
·         virus threat.
Electronic commerce consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. It also includes the entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, servicing and paying for products and services.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. Now adays, almost all use the internet. For communication, for studying, for business and some for applications. The Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, especially through mobile Internet devices.
Hypertext is the presentation of information as a linked network of nodes which readers are free to navigate in a non-linear fashion. It allows for multiple authors, a blurring of the author and reader functions, extended works with diffuse boundaries, and multiple reading paths.
Hypertext refers to the use of hyperlinks (or simply “links”) to present text and static graphics. Hypermedia refers to the presentation of video, animation, and audio, which are often referred to as “dynamic” or “time based” content or as “multimedia.”
A “linear” communication medium is one we typically experience straight through from beginning to end. The Web and other hypertextual media are strongly non-linear.
Web designers and others who are interested in hypertext often use the term “node” to refer to chunks of content. Links (or hyperlinks) are the pathways between nodes. When we click links and thereby display a succession of Web pages (nodes), we are in a sense “navigating” the website. Navigation is only a metaphor; no one, of course, travels anywhere.
There are well-known arrangements of nodes and links—often called “information structures”—that guide designers as they work. The hierarchy is by far the most important structure because it is the basis of almost all websites and most other hypertexts as well. In the web-like structure any node can be linked to any other.
Hypertext is inherently nonlinear: it is comprised of many interlinked chunks of self-contained text. Readers are not bound to a particular sequence, but can browse through information intuitively by association, following their interests by following a highlighted keyword or phrase in one piece of text to bring up another, associated piece of text. Hypermedia is the generalization of hypertext to include other kinds of media: images, audio clips and video clips are typically supported in addition to text. Individual chunks of information are usually referred to as documents ornodes, and the connections between them as links or hyperlinks the so-called node-link hypermedia model. The entire set of nodes and links forms a graph network. A distinct set of nodes and links which constitutes a logical entity or work is called a hyperdocument; a distinct subset of hyperlinks is often called a hyperweb.
Hypertext - Hypertext is basically the same as regular text - it can be stored, read, searched, or edited - with an important exception: hypertext is text with pointers to other text. The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way -- select the pointer, and you are presented with the text that is pointed to.
Hypermedia - Hypermedia is a superset of hypertext. Hypermedia documents contain links not only to other pieces of text, but also to other forms of media - sounds, images, and movies. Images themselves can be selected to link to sounds or documents. This means that browsers might not display a text file, but might display images or sound or animations. Hypermedia simply combines hypertext and multimedia.
Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally.
Multimedia Application is an Application which uses a collection of multiple media sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video. Hypermedia can be considered as one of the multimedia applications.
Multimedia uses computers to present text, audio, video, animation, interactive features, and still images in various ways and combinations made possible through the advancement of technology.


 
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